Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society
Donna M. Gollnick Chief Academic Officer, TEACH-NOW
Philip C. Chinn California State University, Los Angeles
Multicultural Education in a Pluralistic Society
T e n T h e d i T i o n
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Gollnick, Donna M. | Chinn, Philip C., 1937- Title: Multicultural education in a pluralistic society / Donna M. Gollnick, National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education, Philip C. Chinn, California State University, Los Angeles. Description: Tenth Edition. | Boston : Pearson, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2015033057 | ISBN 9780134054674 Subjects: LCSH: Multicultural education–United States. | Social sciences—Study and teaching (Elementary)–United States. | Cultural pluralism—Study and teaching (Elementary)–United States. | Social sciences—Study and teaching (Secondary)–United States. | Cultural pluralism—Study and teaching (Secondary)–United States. Classification: LCC LC1099.3 .G65 2017 | DDC 370.1170973–dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015033057
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This book is dedicated to
Dr. Haywood Wyche and Michele Clarke, my best friends and my inspiration
DMG
Dr. Frances Kuwahara Chinn and Dylan Philip Chinn-Gonzalez, my best friend and my newest grandchild
PCC
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About the Authors
Donna M. Gollnick is the Chief Academic Officer of TEACH-NOW, an online teacher education program. She
was previously a senior consultant for the new teacher education accrediting organization,
the Council for Accreditation of Educator Preparation (CAEP), and the Senior Vice Presi-
dent of the National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE), where
she managed the accreditation of colleges and universities across the United States. She has
been promoting and writing about multicultural education and equity in teacher education
and schools since the 1970s and is a past president of the National Association for Multicul-
tural Education (NAME). Dr. Gollnick is the coauthor of Introduction to the Foundations of
American Education, Seventeenth Edition, and Introduction to Teaching: Making a Difference in
Student Learning, Second Edition.
Philip C. Chinn is a professor emeritus at California State University, Los Angeles, where he taught multicul-
tural education, special education, and served as Special Education Division chair. He served as
special assistant to the Executive Director for Minority Affairs at the Council for Exceptional
Children (CEC), where he coordinated the first national conferences on the Exceptional Bilin-
gual Child and the Exceptional Black Child. He served as vice president of the National Associa-
tion for Multicultural Education (NAME) and co-editor of Multicultural Perspectives, the NAME
journal. NAME named their Multicultural Book Award in his honor. He has co-authored two
special education texts. He also served on the California State Advisory Commission for Special
Education.
iv
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Brief Contents ChAPter 1
Foundations of Multicultural education 1
ChAPter 2
race and ethnicity 26
ChAPter 3
Class and Socioeconomic Status 57
ChAPter 4
Gender 84
ChAPter 5
Sexual Orientation 109
ChAPter 6
exceptionality 130
ChAPter 7
Language 156
ChAPter 8
religion 180
ChAPter 9
Geography 209
ChAPter 10
the Youth Culture 235
ChAPter 11
education that Is Multicultural 258
v
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Preface xv
ChAPter 1
Foundations of Multicultural education 1
Diversity in the Classroom 2
Culture 4
Critical Incidents in Teaching: Celebrating Ethnic Holidays 5
Characteristics of Culture 5
The Dominant Culture 6
Cultural Identity 8
Pluralism in Society 9
Assimilation 10
Ethnocentrism 11
Cultural Relativism 11
Multiculturalism 12
Equality and Social Justice in a Democracy 12
Meritocracy 13
Equality 14
Social Justice 14
Obstacles to Equality and Social Justice 15
Multicultural Education 18
Evolution of Multicultural Education 19
Focus Your Cultural Lens: Debate/Should Ethnic Studies Be Taught? 21
Multicultural Education Today 22
Multicultural Proficiencies for Teachers 23
Reflecting on Multicultural Teaching 24
Summary 25
ChAPter 2
race and ethnicity 26
Immigration 27
A Brief History of Immigration in the United States 27
The Control of Immigration 29
Unauthorized Immigrants 31
Refugees and Asylees 32
Education of Immigrants 33
vii
Contents
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Ethnicity 33
Ethnic Identity 34
Acculturation 35
Race 35
Critical Incidents in Teaching: Student Conflict between Family and Peer Values 36
Identification of Race 37
Racial Diversity 38
Racial Identity 39
The Struggle for Civil Rights 41
The Civil Rights Movement 41
Brown v. Board of Education 42
Post-Brown Turnaround 43
Racial and Ethnic Discrimination 46
Intergroup Relations 46
Hate Groups 47
School-to-Prison Pipeline 48
Focus Your Cultural Lens: Debate/To Suspend or Not Suspend? 49
Affirming Race and Ethnicity in Classrooms 50
Acknowledging Race and Ethnicity in Schools 51
Confronting Racism in Classrooms 52
Incorporating Race and Ethnicity in the Curriculum 52
Closing the Opportunity Gap 54
Summary 56
ChAPter 3
Class and Socioeconomic Status 57
Class 58
Class Identity 58
Social Stratification 59
Socioeconomic Status 59
Income 59
Critical Incidents in Teaching: Impact of Socioeconomic Status on School Events 61
Wealth 61
Occupation 62
Education 63
Power 64
Class Differences 65
The Unemployed and Homeless 66
The Working Class 68
The Middle Class 69
The Upper Middle Class 70
The Upper Class 71
viii Contents
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Contents ix
Economic Inequality 72
Racial and Ethnic Inequality 72
Gender Inequality 74
Age Inequality 74
Teaching for Equality 76
Teacher Expectations 78
Tracking 78
Focus Your Cultural Lens: Debate/Detracking 80
Curriculum for Equality 81
School Funding 82
Summary 82
ChAPter 4
Gender 84
Male and Female Differences 85
Differences Based on Nature 85
Socially Constructed Differences 86
Gender Identity 88
Masculinity and Femininity 88
Transgender Identity 89
Influence of Ethnicity and Religion 90
Struggles for Gender Equity 90
Early Struggles for Gender Equity 91
The Second Wave 91
Today’s Challenges 92
The Boy Crisis 93
The Cost of Sexism and Gender Discrimination 93
Jobs 94
Income 96
Sexual Harassment 98
Critical Incidents in Teaching: The Boys’ Code 99
Bringing Gender Equality to the Classroom and Beyond 100
Title IX 101
Improving Academic Achievement 102
Nonsexist Education 103
Focus Your Cultural Lens: Debate/Separate Education for Boys and Girls 105
Single-Sex Education 105
Gender Equity: A Universal Issue 106
Summary 108
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x Contents
ChAPter 5
Sexual Orientation 109
Sexual Identity 110
Sexual Differences 110
Diversity of Sexual Orientations 111
Self-Identity 112
Critical Incidents in Teaching: Same-Sex Parents 113
Struggles for Sexual Equity 114
Fighting for Sexual Equity 115
Continuing Challenges for Equity 119
Heterosexism’s Toll on Students and Adults 120
A Targeted Minority 120
The School Climate 121
LGBTQ Teachers 122
Schools That Value Sexual Diversity 124
Queering the Curriculum 124
Conflict About LGBTQ-Inclusive Curriculum 126
Supporting LGBTQ Students 126
Focus Your Cultural Lens: Debate/Sexual Orientation in the Curriculum 127
Summary 129
ChAPter 6
exceptionality 130
Students with Disabilities and Students Who Are Gifted and Talented 131
Labeling 132
Historical Antecedents 133
Litigation 134
Brown v. Board of Education 134
PARC v. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 135
Mills v. Board of Education 135
Legislation 136
Section 504 136
Public Law 94-142 136
Americans with Disabilities Act 137
Individuals with Disabilities…
