1. Hello i need a good comment related with this argument .A paragraph  with no more 300 words.

 

There is growing evidence that larger societal and environmental concerns determine health outcomes. (Edelman, Kudzma, &
Mandle,2013). Fear is a feeling that comes as result of a perceived danger or threat in the individual, which brings about a change in metabolic and organ functions and a change in behavior. Fear in human beings may occur in response to a stimulus. Studies have shown that fear increases stress in man and most causative factors of diseases is stress.

 

 

 

One of the factors that affect health is our environment,the research explained the plight of the immigrant, they have poor education, low income, and lack of access to healthcare,all the above mentioned problems builds fear in the individual, due to lack of income the individual cannot go to the clinic for a regular blood work or checkup left alone to seek treatment for a current disease condition, this put fear and stress in the individual and increase stress predispose the individual to a lot of disease conditions such as diabetes mellitus.

 

‘‘Our data mapping demonstrates sharp income disparity between the ID and its surrounding neighborhoods.  Moreover, the maps show

 

this same geographic pattern for a number of other negative social indicators, including low education attainment, high levels of transience, housing vacancies. This suggests that poverty is tied with many other socioeconomic aspects of the community. The same geographic pattern emerges for health issues.  Furthermore, our data maps demonstrate that low economic status correlates with high uninsured rates. Because of the economic insecurity, one of the prominent dimensions of fear to emerge during interviews and focus groups was in relation to the financial burden associated with illness.” (Page-Reeves et al., 2013).I agree that structural violence perpetuates health disparity in that from the above information gathered from the research it shows due to poverty they  cannot go to the hospital to seek treatment, may not be able to eat healthy and this predispose them to a lot of diseases, whiles those with high income level and education have access to health care, eat healthy,they get preventive care as well as seek early treatment for diseases before they get out of hand and turn to have low rate in diseases such as diabetes, compared to those in the low income level.

 

References

 

Page-Reeves, J., Niforatos, J., Mishra, S., Regino, L., Gingrich, A., & Bulten, J. (2013, Summer 2013). Health disparity and
structural violence:  how fear undermines health among immigrants at risk for diabetes. Journal of Health Disparities
Research and Practice, 6, 30-48. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=382dea3a-286e-4b06-a5ab-6be7de24bd2d%40sessionmgr4010&vid=2&hid=

 

Edelman, C., Kudzma, E., & Mandle, C. (2013).Health Promotion Throughout the Life Span 8th  Edition

 

 

 

Provide a 200 word response to the below discussion question answer in apa format with in-text citations and references:

 

Discussion Answer:

According to the Institute of Medicine IOM’s 2001 report envisioning the National Healthcare Quality Report, three major criteria were proposed for measure selection:

• Importance of what is being measured (Applicability)
• Impact on health. What is the impact on health associated with this problem?
• Meaningfulness. Are policy makers and consumers concerned about this area?
• Susceptibility to being influenced by the health care system. Can the health care system meaningfully address this aspect or problem?
• Scientific soundness of the measure (Validity)
• Validity. Does the measure actually measure what it is intended to measure?
• Reliability. Does the measure provide stable results across various populations and circumstances?
• Explicitness of the evidence base. Is there scientific evidence available to support the measure?
• Feasibility of using the measure
• Existence of prototypes. Is the measure in use?
• Availability of required data across the system. Can information needed for the measure be collected in the scale and time frame required?
• Cost or burden of measurement. How much will it cost to collect the data needed for the measure?
• Capacity of data and measure to support subgroup analyses. Can the measure be used to compare different groups of the population?

The 2001 IOM committee indicated that the three criteria, as listed above, provide a hierarchy by which measures should be considered.

Therefore according to this article Applicability would have priority to be given to measures evaluated for importance and scientific soundness and then by feasibility.

For example, the committee stated:

Measures that address important areas and are scientifically sound, but are not feasible in the immediate future, deserve potential inclusion in the data set and further consideration. However, measures that are scientifically sound and feasible, but do not address an important problem area, would not qualify for the report regardless of the degree of feasibility or scientific soundness.

 

Original Question:

What factors must be assessed when critically appraising quantitative studies (e.g., validity, reliability, and applicability)? Which is the most important? Why?