Environmental Psych Exam – Savvy Essay Writers | savvyessaywriters.net
Environmental Psych Exam – Savvy Essay Writers | savvyessaywriters.net
INSTRUCTIONS: FOR THE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS, BOLD OR HIGHLIGHT YOUR CHOICE OF THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE. FOR THE ESSAY QUESTIONS, ANSWER THE TWO QUESTIONS INDICATED IN BOLD – PLEASE INSERT A PAGE BREAK BETWEEN THE TWO ANSWERS. =====================================================================
1. Ittelson proposed four components to environmental perception. These components were:
a. structure, function, utility, and complexity
b. line, form, color, and texture
c. cognitive, affective, interpretive, and evaluative
d. complexity, mystery, convergence, and enframement
2. The descriptive approach to environmental assessments incorporates artistic and architectural principles of line, form, color, and texture. This view also believes that “dominance principles” influence our perceptions, as well. Which one of the following is one of these dominance principles?
a. arousal
b. mystery
c. enframement
d. overstimulation
3. If you were to draw a cognitive map of the city or town in which you live, and you mentally move through the environment, drawing what you “see” in your memory, then this pattern suggests that your map is stored in memory in which way?
a. proportional
b. adaptational
c. imaginal
d. propositional
4. Cognitive maps with the most detail typically are drawn by those who:
a. usually walk through the environment
b. usually drive through the environment in private cars
c. usually take public transportation through the environment
d. are relatively new to the environment, as they tend to pay greater attention to the details
5. Newcomers to areas typically begin their cognitive maps with which feature?
a. limits
b. paths
c. districts
d. landmarks
6. A researcher has a digital recording of construction sounds – hammers, cement mixers, drills, and jackhammers. A sample of 100 college students is randomly divided into two groups and placed in identical rooms located at different ends of the same building on a college campus. This recording is played at 50 dB (a measure of sound intensity) to those in one room while they perform a proofreading task. At the same time, the recording is played at a more intense sound level (75 dB) to the other group, while they do the same proofreading task. The number of errors made by these two groups of students is compared statistically. What research method did this researcher use to study the effects of noise on this cognitive task?
a. an experimental method
b. a quasi-experimental (ex post facto) method
c. a correlational method
d. an accretion method
7. The COVID-19 pandemic is creating a great deal of stress for many people for a number of reasons. Clinical psychologists have predicted that the mental health of people living in the various “hotspots” of the virus, such as New York/New Jersey, Michigan, and Washington state, will be more severely impacted than those living in areas with fewer cases. Once the various locales become fully “open” for business again, researchers will analyze public hospital records in these two areas (“hotspots” and less-affected areas) to compare whether or not there was more anti-anxiety medications prescribed in the “hotspots” than the less-affected regions of the country. This research method, commonly used in the study of environmental and health-related stressors, where researchers analyze differences after the occurrence of some major event, is best described as:
a. experimental
b. quasi-experimental
c. contrived
d. random
8. In environmental psychology, some indirect measures are used to study how some environments are used. For example, the amount of carpet wear in an art museum might be used to indicate which parts of the museum were the most popular. Which kind of indirect measure is this?
a. erosion measure
b. accretion measure
c. green justice measure
d. deep ecology measure
9. You have recently opened “Coin Museums” in major tourist cities around the world. In these museums, you and the curators display historic and current coins from countries around the world in glass cases. You suspect (hypothesize) that the most interest would be directed towards coins that originated from the country in which the museum is located. You try to assess this by measuring how dirty the glass cases are after each week that the museum has been open. This kind of measure is called a(n):
a. accretion measure
b. erosion measure
c. corrosion measure
d. DNA fingerprinting
10. Psychologists doing experimental research in most areas of psychology seek to control the environmental variables present in the laboratory. In contrast, environmental psychologists doing experimental research view these environmental variables as potential:
a. independent variables
b. dependent variables
c. participant (subject) variables
d. undefined variables
11. People’s attraction to natural things and natural environments has been termed (by Wilson) as:
a. biophilia
b. biophobia
c. bioecology
d. bionaturalism
12. Actual behavior is likely to match one’s attitudes the more specific the attitude. Which one of the following is the best example of a specific attitude?
a. Save the Planet!
b. Recycle!
c. Preserve Biodiversity!
d. Littering is Criminal – Do Not Litter!
13. Wayfinding is enhanced when:
a. environments are high in legibility
b. environments are low in complexity
c. environments are high in mystery
d. buildings in environments have the same style of architecture, i.e., high in coherence
14. In their study of wayfinding in the Toledo Museum of Art, Talbot et al. (1993) found that researchers and museum staff differed in their ideas about the maps distributed to the public. One such difference was:
a. researchers thought all exits ought to be depicted, whereas staff thought only gallery entrances needed to be on the maps
b. researchers thought the parking lot needed to be marked clearly on the maps, whereas staff did not think this was important
c. researchers thought 4-color maps would be most useful, whereas staff thought black and white maps would be more effective
d. researchers wanted to make the maps as simple as possible, whereas the staff wanted a lot of detail about the exhibits and the building
15. “You are Here” maps can be used more effectively if:
a. the map is oriented parallel to the ground as opposed to held vertically in front of a person
b. the map has labels placed on the roofs of the buildings depicted on the maps
c. the map has labels that match labels on nearby buildings
d. the map uses a circle or star to indicate where one is, rather than a square or other polygon
16. The Yerkes-Dodson Law and arousal theory predict that performance will be best at what level of arousal?
a. low
b. moderate
c. high
d. when low OR high, but not moderate
17. A major tenet or principle of the environmental overload theory is that:
a. people have unlimited attention, but have difficulty focusing that attention on any one variable, condition, or situation
b. all individuals are overloaded, but each person seeks their own optimal level of overload
c. the point at which overload occurs is easily predictable and measureable
d. people have a finite amount of attention, and that stimuli in the environment compete for that attention
18. The high rate of accidents caused when people use cell phones (or are otherwise distracted) while driving is best explained by which theoretical approach?
a. arousal theory
b. understimulation theory
c. optimal level theory
d. overload theory
19. Understimulation theory posits that people will act on the environment to increase their level of stimulation when the environment is bland, boring, or routine. This theory accounts well for behaviors such as:
a. juvenile delinquency, truancy, and minor crimes against property
b. mob behavior (e.g., riots, social protests)
c. homelessness
d. depression
20. According to the behavior constraint theory, psychological reactance refers to one’s attempt to:
a. find one’s way in an unfamiliar environment
b. increase social stimulation while decreasing physical (environmental) stimulation
c. vary one’s arousal level to meet the conditions in some particular environment
d. gain control of events in one’s environment
21. According to Barker’s Ecological Psychology view, when certain settings are understaffed, those seeking services in those settings feel:
a. constraint
b. depression
c. crowded
d. boredom (underarousal)
22. According to Whyte, the most important factor contributing to the success of urban plazas is:
a. amount of direct sunlight
b. presence of security officers, whether public or private
c. being different from street level, either raised above the street or lowered below the street
d. the amount of sitting space
23. According to Whyte and his team of observers, interactions between people are most likely to occur:
a. in the center of large plazas
b. on busy street corners
c. on east-west corridors rather than north-south corridors
d. in the back recesses of small, public parks
24. Whyte believed that if water were present in a city plaza,
a. barriers should be constructed around the water so that accidents would not occur
b. ledges surrounding the water should contain spikes or rocks to prevent people from sitting where they might get wet
c. people should be encouraged to contact and interact with the water
d. that cities needed to regulate how much water flowed and the chemicals in the water needed to be checked monthly to ensure health
25. Sociopetal designs:
a. foster or facilitate social interactions
b. hinder or inhibit social interactions
c. can be accomplished in private homes but not in institutions such as hospitals
d. are preferred by women, but not by men
26. In built environments, the locations of fixed features:
a. can be changed easily, adding flexibility to an environment
b. often determine the locations of semi-fixed features, in turn, limiting behavioral options
c. facilitate learning, such as in classrooms, where students learn…
