Epidemiology, The Basis For Public Health
Epidemiologic surveillance is used in public and global health. For this Assignment,
begin by locating a recent article about an specific outbreak of an infectious or communicable disease.
The article can come from a newspaper or other source but your paper must be supported with at least three additional scholarly sources of evidence in the literature which may include your text or course readings.(last 5 years)-
I attached resources from course you can use…please try to use one of them
Write a 3- to 4-page paper that includes the following double space- APA 7th edition:
-A summary of the article, including the title and author
-Identify the title of the article with in-text citation and corresponding reference in reference list
-The relationship among -causal agents,
susceptible persons, and
environmental factors (epidemiological triangle)
-The role of the nurse in addressing the outbreak
-Possible health promotion/health protection strategies that could have been implemented by nurses to mitigate the outbreak
For this Assignment, review the following:
-Walden paper template (no abstract or running head required)-attached
-The Week 3 Assignment Rubric-attachedhttps://www.ted.com/talks/mary_bassett_why_your_doctor_should_care_about_social_justicehttps://www.ted.com/talks/rishi_manchanda_what_makes_us_get_sick_look_upstreamarticle/websitehttps://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/global-health
| Required Content Summarized an article about an outbreak of infectious or communicable disease. | 36 (14.4%) – 40 (16%)
Provided a fully developed the summary of an article about an outbreak of infectious or communicable disease with insightful analysis of concepts and related issues. |
| Required Content Described the relationship between causal agents, susceptible persons and the environmental factors that contributed to the outbreak. | 72 (28.8%) – 80 (32%)
Provided a fully developed discussion of the relationship between causal agents, suscepible persons and the environmental factors that contributed to the outbreak with insightful analysis of concepts and related issues. |
| Required Content Described the leadership role of the public health nurse in the outbreak and 2-3 possible strategies that might be used to mitigate the outbreak. | 63 (25.2%) – 70 (28%)
Provided a fully developed discussion of the leadership role of the public health nurse in the outbreak and 2-3 possible mitigation strategies with insightful analysis of concepts and related issues. |
| Academic Writing Expectations (AWE 3) 4000 Level | 27 (10.8%) – 30 (12%)
Demonstrates fully developed sentence, paragraph, and essay level skills. Displays academic expression through fully developed use of evidence from multiple sources to support content. Meets the 4000 AWE level with no writing issues and exceeds the minimum reference requirement. |
APA
“APA Formatting: cover page, title of paper on second page, level headings, Times New Roman 12 font, 1″” margins, and page numbers. APA References: Uses in-text citations appropriately and format correctly. Paraphrases to avoid plagiarizing the source. Reference list is in alphabetical order, hanging indent, double spaced in format. Each specific entry contains all information required by APA format including author, year of publication, title of publication, pages, DOI, website, as appropriate.”
27 (10.8%) – 30 (12%)
Demonstrates fully developed APA formatting and referencing requirements with no formatting errors.
ImprovIng the health of the poor In mexIco �
T hat people with few financial resources tend to be poorly educated, unhealthy, and malnour- ished has been often observed and frequently bemoaned but rarely tackled head-on. In the
case of an antipoverty program in Mexico, however, policymakers chose a comprehensive—and ultimately successful—approach to address the basic causes of
social problems (including health) facing many of the country’s most underprivileged citizens. The program, which initially was aimed at rural populations, showed such strong positive results in improving health and education outcomes in a rigorous evaluation that the government decided to expand it to cover poor families in urban areas. The story of this program—originally
Case 9
Improving the Health of the Poor in Mexico
Geographic area: mexico
Health condition: among the rural poor in mexico, the incidence of preventable childhood and adult ill- nesses, poor reproductive outcomes (including low birth weight), and infant mortality are high—the result of unhygienic living conditions, poor nutrition, and social deprivation.
Intervention or program: the programa de educación, Salud y alimentación (progresa)—now known as oportunidades—was designed to provide incentives in the form of cash transfers to poor families; to improve use of preventive and other basic health services, nutrition counseling, and supplementary foods; and to increase school enrollment and attendance. the program was designed to affect household-level decisions by providing incentives for behaviors that would result in improved social outcomes. the program was based on a compact of “co-responsibility” between the government and the recipients: the govern- ment would provide significant levels of financial support directly to poor households, but only if the ben- eficiaries did their part by taking their children to clinics for immunizations and other services and sending them to school.
Cost and cost-effectiveness: expenditures on progresa totaled about $770 million per year by �999 and $� billion in 2000, translating into fully 0.2 percent of the country’s gDp and about 20 percent of the fed- eral budget. of that, administrative costs are estimated to absorb about 9 percent of total program costs.
Impact: a well-designed evaluation revealed that progresa significantly improved both child and adult health, which accompanied increased use of health services. children under 5 years of age in progresa, who were required to seek well-child care and received nutritional support, had a �2 percent lower inci- dence of illness than children not included in the program. adult beneficiaries of progresa between �8 and 50 years had �9 percent fewer days of difficulty with daily activities due to illness than their non-progresa counterparts. for beneficiaries over 50 years, those in progresa had �9 percent fewer days of difficulty with daily activities, �7 percent fewer days incapacitated, and 22 percent fewer days in bed, compared with similar individuals who did not receive program benefits.
2 ImprovIng the health of the poor In mexIco
called Progresa, now known as Oportunidades—is one of innovation in social policy, reinforced by research.
Starting Conditions
In Mexico, an estimated 40 to 50 percent of the country’s 103 million citizens live below the poverty line, and about 15 to 20 percent are classified as indigent. Al- though progress was made in the 1960s and 1970s to re- duce the incidence of poverty, those gains were quickly eroded during the economic crisis that began in 1982, and since then the government has searched for ways to effectively reduce the extent of poverty and to ameliorate its effects on people’s lives.
Although large numbers of poor people can be found in each of Mexico’s 32 states, poverty follows a rough gra- dient toward higher levels with distance away from the Mexico-US border, and from the three massive urban poles of Mexico City, Guadalajara, and Monterrey. In most of the states that are on or close to the US border, fewer than 35 percent of the families are poor; in 13 states of the country’s southwestern region, more than half the families fall below the poverty line.
Throughout the country, poverty is very much a rural phenomenon, with something on the order of three quarters of all rural families falling below the poverty line. Most of Mexico’s poorest citizens live in small vil- lages with no paved roads, running water, or modern sanitation, where the only work is hard agricultural labor. Of the poor population, a large share is indig- enous in origin and speaks little or no Spanish—disen- franchised, in important ways, from the mainstream of public services and civic participation. For many poor Mexicans, seasonal migration to the United States them- selves or by family members, who send money home, represents the only chance at economic survival.
Education and health indicators in rural areas are as poor as the people themselves: Although more than 90 percent of rural children attend primary school at some time, about half drop out after the sixth grade. Among those who continue, some 42 percent drop out after the ninth grade. High infant mortality and incidence of preventable childhood illnesses (many linked to poor sanitation), reproductive health problems, malnutrition,
violence, and all manner of health problems characterize the lives of Mexico’s rural communities.
The use of modern health services in rural Mexico is low, averaging less than one visit per year per per- son. Poor people, although sicker than their better-off counterparts, use fewer health services: 0.65 visits per year for the poor, compared with 0.8 visits for the non- poor. Protein-energy malnutrition is widespread, with stunting (low height for age) affecting an estimated 44 percent of 12- to 36-month-old children in 1998.1
Change in Social Policy with Each President
Sweeping changes in Mexican social policies designed to address the problems of poverty have roughly coincided with political moments. In the 1970s, for example, the Lopez Portillo administration invested heavily in the provision of social services and the bureaucracies behind them. About 2,000 rural health clinics were built under the government agency called IMSS-Complamar, and thousands of government-run stores were estab- lished to provide basic products to low-income families at subsidized prices.
In…
