Extraction of Benzoic Acid and its Conjugate Base
Use the following abbreviations here: benzoic acid, BZA; dissociation constant, Ka; methylene chloride, MC; partition coefficient, Kp; Turnitin, TI. Please note that the chemical names are not capitalized unless they are part of a title or heading.
1. Date and Title of the Experiment
Please enter your name on the top of the first page. Please add the dates of the lab (that is: not the date of writing or submitting your report), your lab group (L1 or L3), and the instructor’s name. The title: Experiment 6 – The Partition Coefficient. There is no need for a separate title/cover page.
2. Abstract
The abstract is a standalone chapter presenting the essence of the given lab. It should make complete sense by itself, and this part is brief (typically ≤ 200 words). Explanation of the chemical principles and discussion of your results belong to the D/C part. The Abstract should have:
a) Purpose of the experiment
One sentence has usually been enough.
b) SHORT description of the experimental method
In this procedure summary, please mention the names of the major techniques (e.g., extraction). Do NOT include any procedure details (e.g., “52 mg of”). Use past tense and the passive voice here.
c) Your most important results
○ Kp values for parts A and B
○ Brief note saying something like: the IR spectrum of the isolated material confirmed that BZA was obtained
3. Procedure
With the previous report, there was some confusion about this section. Please do NOT copy the standard protocol here. Reference the lab manual procedure and include the page numbers. For the manual, follow the usual way of book citation including the author, title, publisher, and year (see pg. 16 of the manual). Describe any significant changes you made to the standard protocol. (For example, the volume of each solvent was 1000 uL instead of 600 uL.) If there was no change, mention that.
4. Reactions
Please show the chemical reactions for parts A and B. Something like the attached illustration will work. The attached material has essentially the same reactions that are depicted in the lab manual. (The chemical names and the pKa and Keq values are not needed here.) The image of the reactions should be inserted into the Word document of your lab report. Please upload the Word file including both the text and the illustrations of your report to TI. If you do not work with the software ChemDraw to prepare the chemical structures, please use a scanner instead of your phone/camera to generate electronic images of, e.g., freehand drawings. (A scanner will likely to generate better images and smaller file volumes.)
5. Data and Calculations
Please express mass only in mg. Remember that only integer mg amounts can be measured using the electronic balances in the lab. Thus, for example, 51 mg is OK, but you should NOT write 51.3 mg.
You measured the mass of BZA in MC. As discussed in lab, we assume that the difference between the original amount of BZA (~50 mg) and the mass of BZA in MC is the mass of BZA in the aqueous phase (water or bicarbonate solution). You’ll need this calculation for each experiment:
Kp = mass of BZA in MC (mg) / mass of BZA in aqueous phase (mg)
(Does Kp have any unit?)
Give a clear tabular presentation of the following results for each part:
BZA BZA Kp
Original Amount in MC
(mg) (mg)
6. Discussion and Conclusions
You will not get more points for more words. If you address the relevant issues, the report should be OK. Please do NOT repeat the experimental procedure in this section.
a) The chemistry involved in the experiment
Discuss the underlying chemical principles of the experiment. As mentioned in lab, a substance tends to dissolve in a chemically similar solvent. What form of BZA is relevant in part A and what form of it is relevant in part B? How do the properties of the two forms differ? How do the polarity and dissociation constant (pKa 4.2) of BZA affect its solubility in different solvents? What do we know about the polarity of the used solvents? What is the significance of (1) the Keq values for the two reactions (see pg. 105 of the lab manual), and (2) the gas evolution in part B? Discuss what you expect to happen for each solvent extraction and why.
b) Discussion concerning your results
Your conclusions should include an assessment of your results. Did the results match your predictions? If they did, it should not be too hard to write this section. If they did not, try to come up with reasonable explanation(s).
c) Discussion of the sources of error in the experiment
Even if your work and results were perfect, list the POSSIBLE main sources of error in the experiment. You need several plausible causes of error.
d) Interpretation of the IR data
IR spectra of BZA have been posted on Blackboard, and you can use any of them. Do NOT include the spectrum in your report. Please identify the important peaks (e.g., C=O stretching and C-H stretching and bending frequencies) in the BZA IR spectrum. To that end, present a TABLE showing the wavenumber (cm-1), group or bond involved (e.g., C=O, C-H), and further information (e.g., stretching, bending) for each identified peak. In the table, specific wavenumber data read out from the IR spectrum should be presented, instead of listing general ranges for the given signal types. For this task, you can study the lab manual, the Blackboard material, and the relevant information available on websites (e.g., references [1-3]). I will also discuss the spectrum during my office time. In the report, we do not need much narrative about the spectrum interpretation, except for a sentence or two concluding that the IR data are consistent with the expected structure.
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