Extroversion and the argument of how this particular trait develops
2 Personality Traits
Personality Psychology: Foundations and Findings
Marianne Miserandino
Learning Objectives
What is a personality trait?
How do we study personality traits?
How accurate are we on judging personalities?
3
How do traits define personality?
Trait
A person’s typical style of thinking, feeling and behaving in different situations
Idiographic: individual
Nomothetic: Universal traits
4
According to Eysenck, how are our personalities organized?
5
Who was Gordon Allport? (1897 – 1967)
First college course on personality
Raw material interacts w/environment habits and attitudes
Central, Secondary and Cardinal traits
Theoretical vs. Lexical approach
6
How would you score on these questions?
I like to go to parties
I find myself leading group conversations
I make friends easily
I think outside the box
I am relatively open to new ideas
I like to learn about different cultures
I get nervous speaking to others
I find I have lots of anxiety
I don’t like when others are looking at me; I feel I am being judged
I keep my room very organized
I don’t like to get behind on my work
People count on me for getting the job done
What is a factor analysis?
Raymond Cattell (1905 – 1998)
Measurement approach: A statistical technique used to classify data.
Determined 16 Personality Factors
Group A: Group B: Group C:
Self-Satisfied Fun-Loving Well-
Worried Sociable organized
Secure
–
–
8
Factor analysis of Music Genres
What steps are taken to conduct a factor analysis?
10
Combine and weigh participant responses to form factors
Small number of factors able to recreate variation of data set responses
Each factor explains certain amount of variance between participants
Factor loadings estimate how strongly each question fits into given factor; interprets like correlation
Each factor defined by questions with highest factor loadings
Factors identified and named
How were universal principles determined?
Cattell Factor Analysis 16 factors 1946
Allport & Oabert Lexical Analysis 4504 trait items 1936
Fiske & Norman and Others Built on Cattell’s work Big Five factors 1949-1963
How were universal principles determined?
Block California Q-Sort 5 factors 1961
Jackson Person Research Form 5 factors 1984
Myers & McCauley Myers-Briggs Type Indicator 5 factors 1985
How were universal principles determined?
13
Buss 5 traits Rooted in biology 1996
What is Eysenck’s PEN Model (Supertraits)?
Determined personality differences were biologically based
Three broad personality types
Narrow traits associated with each factor
14
What’s the difference?
Big Five
Lexical Solution
Roman numerals reflect frequency in lexicon
Emotional Stability (Neuroticism) and Culture (Openness)
Five Factor Model
Factor Analysis
Costa & McCrae NEO-PI-R
Biologically based traits
Openness
What behaviors would you expect?
Facets
Fantasy
Aesthetics
Feelings
Actions
Ideas
Values
Conscientiousness
What behaviors would you expect?
Facets
Competence
Order
Dutifulness
Achievement-seeking
Self-discipline
Deliberation
Extroversion
What behaviors would you expect?
Facets
Warmth
Gregariousness
Assertiveness
Activity
Excitement-seeking
Positive emotions
Agreeableness
What behaviors would you expect?
Facets
Trust
Straightforwardness
Altruism
Compliance
Modesty
Tender-mindedness
Neuroticism
What behaviors would you expect?
Facets
Anxiety
Angry hostility
Depression
Self-consciousness
Impulsiveness
Vulnerability to stress
How many factors best explain personality?
Cattell’s 16 factors failed to capture extreme antisocial aspects of personality; are not supertraits
Eysenck believed Agreeableness and Conscientiousness are habits
6 Factors: HEXACO
GPF (one factor): Positive aspects of personality: Emotional stability, agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiousness, intellect
22
What about other factor solutions?
23
What are pros and cons to the Trait Approach?
Strengths
Use of objective measures
Many practical applications
Generated research
Weaknesses
How do traits develop?
No consistency among theories
Disregards the situation
Copyright 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
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