Intentional Interviewing and Counseling: Facilitating Client Development in a Multicultural Society 9th Edition
Intentional Interviewing and Counseling: Facilitating Client Development in a Multicultural Society 9th Edition
Allen E. Ivey
Mary Bradford Ivey
Carlos P. Zalaquett
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Chapter 12
Action Skills for Building Resilience and Managing Stress: Self-Disclosure, Feedback, Logical Consequences, Directives/Instruction, and Psychoeducation
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Chapter Goals and Competency Objectives (slide 1 of 2)
Awareness and Knowledge
Understand stress management and how action influencing skills can be central in building resilience.
Explore the nature of interpersonal influence, its specific skills, and our responsibility to work with a client on an egalitarian basis with an emphasis on listening before influencing.
Further understand decision counseling and its relevance to influencing skills and action with varying clients and theories of counseling and therapy.
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Chapter Goals and Competency Objectives (slide 2 of 2)
Skills and Action
Facilitate client self-understanding and empowerment through self-disclosure and feedback.
Enable the client to look at the possible positive and negative results of alternative actions (logical consequences).
Present new information and ideas to clients in a timely and appropriate fashion—for example, career information, teaching about sexuality, and results of test scores (directives, instruction).
Empower clients with specifics for action leading to physical and mental health through stress management. Help them restory and take concrete action in their issues (psychoeducation).
Develop action plans collaboratively with clients to facilitate taking home learning and new skills from the session to the “real world.”
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Stress and Stressors
Stress is a psychological and physical response to change, whether that change is actually happening now or anticipated in the future.
Everyone experiences positive and negative stress in life.
Positive stressors tend to make us happy and joyful in many ways.
Continuous, severe, day-to-day stress or a single traumatic incident can be seriously damaging to physical and mental health.
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Optimal Levels of Stress Contrasted with Chronic Stress
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Stress Management and Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes
Stress management is a remedial treatment for already stressed clients.
Stress management techniques are typically focused on treatment and prevention of stress.
Therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC) are also instructional strategies that are oriented to physical and mental health, bringing together neuroscience, medicine, and counseling.
Exercise is generally regarded as the number one TLC.
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Example Stress Management Strategies
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Self-Disclosure and Feedback
Self-disclosure and feedback are similar to the listening skill of summation; however, they move beyond the summary to add client awareness.
Before sharing a personal self-disclosure or providing feedback, counselors need to have a solid understanding of where they are in the relationship they are building.
Both skills are used sparingly and only when the client appears to need more counselor involvement and support. They require careful listening and understanding before sharing your thoughts.
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Defining Self-Disclosure
Self-disclosure: Sharing your own personal experience related to what the client has said. Sharing often starts with an “I” statement. It can also involved sharing your own thoughts and feelings concerning what the client is experiencing in the immediate moment, in the here and now. Anticipated Result: Clients respond well to carefully said self-disclosure, especially at the beginning of a session. They are often pleased to know more about you at that point. Later in the session, sharing your thoughts and feelings about the client can enable them to talk more openly about their issues. Self-disclosure almost always needs to be positive and supportive.
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Defining Feedback
Feedback: Presents clients with clear, nonjudgmental information (and sometimes even opinions) on that client’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, either in the past or in the here and now. Anticipated Result: Feedback can be supportive or challenging. Supportive feedback searches for positives and strengths, while challenges ask clients to think more carefully about themselves and what they are saying.
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The Skill of Self-Disclosure and Feedback
Listen first.
Be brief and concrete.
Use “I” statements.
Be authentic and nonjudgmental
Use appropriate immediacy and tense.
Consider cultural differences and explore differences
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Example Counseling Session: How Do I Deal With a Difficult Situation at Work?
What to you think about Counselor Onawumi’s use of self-disclosure and feedback?
Was this helpful?
What did you notice about effective and ineffective feedback?
What would you have done similarly or differently?
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Defining Logical Consequences (slide 1 of 3)
Clients facing possible changes in life direction will often profit from exploring the logical consequences, positive and negative, of change.
Negative consequences of changing jobs could include leaving a smoothly functioning and friendly workgroup, disrupting long-term friendships, and moving teenage children to a new school.
Positive consequences might be the pay raise, a better school system, money for a new home, or the opportunity for further advancement.
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Defining Logical Consequences (slide 2 of 3)
Logical Consequences: Explore with the client specific alternatives and the logical positive and negative concrete consequences of each decision possibility. “If you do ____, then ____.” Anticipated Result: Clients will change thoughts, feelings, and behaviors through better anticipation of the consequences of their actions. When you explore the positives and negatives of each possibility, clients will be more involved in the process of making their new creative decision.
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Defining Logical Consequences (slide 3 of 3)
Using the logical consequences skill on a foundation of listening skills:
Draw out story and strengths.
Generate alternatives.
Identify positive and negative consequences.
Provide a summary.
Encourage client decision and action.
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The Cognitive/Emotional Decisional Balance Sheet (slide 1 of 2)
Few of us will be satisfied if our decisions reflect only rational cognitive processes.
Eliciting and reflecting feelings throughout the balance sheet is vital.
Each alternative decision is written down with a list of gains and losses—the logical consequences of each action.
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The Cognitive/Emotional Decisional Balance Sheet (slide 2 of 2)
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Defining Directives, Instruction, and Psychoeducation Strategies (slide 1 of 2)
Giving clients information, offering psychoeducation, or making suggestions can be an important part of counseling and psychotherapy.
Directives, instruction, and psychoeducation are best received in a good relationship with a solid working alliance.
Unless the advice is actively sought, it is very difficult to be heard.
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Defining Directives, Instruction, and Psychoeducation Strategies (slide 2 of 2)
Instruction and Psychoeducation: Clear directions (and encouraging clients to do what you suggest) underlies instruction and psychological education. These offer specifics for daily life to help change thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Providing useful instruction and referral sources can be helpful. Psycho-educational strategies include systematic educational methods such as therapeutic lifestyle changes. With all these, a collaborative approach is essential. Anticipated Result: Clients will make positive progress when they listen to and follow the directives, use the information that you provide for them, consider your advice, and engage in new, more positive thinking, feeling, or behaving. Psychoeducation can lead to major life changes for physical and mental health.
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Skills of Directives, Instruction, and Psychoeducational Strategies
Involve clients as co-participants.
Use appropriate visuals, vocal tone, verbal following, and body language.
Be clear and concrete in your verbal expressions and time the information to meet the client’s needs.
Check out if you were heard and understood.
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SUMMARY: Stress Management
Sustained, chronic, or extreme stress accelerates the normal wearing and tearing of our body and mind.
Changing the stressors or changing our reactions to them are key goals of stress management.
Several strategies can help you achieve these goals.
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SUMMARY: Self-Disclosure
Indicating your thoughts and feelings to a client constitutes self-disclosure, which necessitates the following:
Use personal pronouns.
Use a verb for content or feeling (“I feel…”).
Use an object coupled with adverb and adjective descriptors (“I feel happy about your …”).
Express your feelings appropriately.
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