“Longitudinal relations among household chaos, SES, and effortful control in the prediction of language skills in early childhood
Introduction:
A brief explanation of the background of the topic, a clearly stated hypothesis or research question; clearly stated predictions and operational definitions
My topic is “Longitudinal relations among household chaos, SES, and effortful control in the prediction of language skills in early childhood.” I choose this topic because This study put the squeeze on a biological structure to discuss the relations between environmental chaos and language towards time, including the potentially mediating part of children’s effortful control and parenting.
Eliana Qumseya
PSYC 230
February 27, 2020
Article 1: Relations of Maternal Socialization and Toddlers’ Effortful Control to
Children’s Adjustment and Social Competence
What is the hypothesis?
The major hypothesis for the article is whether or rather to understand individual differences especially in the social competence and problem behaviors of young children. Already, researchers have identified temperament of children and parenting as the primary factors that tend to play significant role in the socioemotional functioning of many young children (Tracy, 2009).
What predictions do the researchers make?
Based on the research the researchers have conducted, some predicts that children’ temperament and parenting tend to play a significant role social functioning of young children. They have made predictions out of some evidence that shows stability of problems regarding internalizing and externalizing in toddlers.
Identify the IV
Independent variable includes the variables in the study that the researchers are intending to change or control to affect the results in the long run. In essence, the independent variables of this study include the effortful control and maternal emotion-related socialization.
Identify the DV
Also, the dependent variable on the other hand is the object that the researchers are measuring or testing in an experiment. In the study, the dependent variable is the young children whose outcome of their behavior is being observed or studied by the researchers.
What/who are their subjects/participants?
Participants of a study include individuals or objects that offer assistance to the researchers’ study. Based on the research, the participants include the toddlers who were recruited during their birth period through three different local healthcare centers based on a larger southwest metropolitan area. Typically, the number of participants is estimated to be two hundred and fifty six toddlers and their respective mothers. Also, another group of participant includes the caregiver who provided care to the infants as they were growing up.
What do they do?
Participants were considered to be part of toddlers’ longitudinal study with concern of the infant’s regulation, social functioning and emotions. The researchers recruited toddlers at their birth period in three different hospitals. About 246 infants together with their mothers were involved in the study including 141 boys and 115 girls. The toddlers are observed by the researchers in regards to their changes of behavior as they grow up under the care of different environment.
What statistical tests do they use?
The type of statistical tests the researchers have utilized in the study is regression tests. In particular, they use a multiple regression which is the testing of how changes in a combination of two or more predictor variables tend to predict the change levels of the outcome variable.
What do they find or conclude?
The researchers conclude by acknowledging the fact that effortful control can be acquired through the social environmental context. Mothers who were able to offer validate emotions to their children’s feelings managed to provide their children with supportive environment of developing in social-functioning.
Article 2: The Association Between Home Chaos and Academic Achievement: The Moderating Role of Sleep
1- The study’s hypothesis includes the association existing between chaos of families or in homes and children’s academic achievements. Further, the research is intended to establish whether moderated sleep has any role to play regarding children’s academic achievement. Here, it wants to find out whether children born and raised in chaotic homes tend to achieve their academic goals despite of having moderated sleep.
2- In general, the researchers predict that children who are born and raised in chaotic family environments tend to experience negative outcomes in regard to their academics. On the contrary, they also predict that not all times will such children end up experiencing hardship in academics (Rebecca, 2019). Some who may manage to acquire favorable academic environment in such chaotic families tend to achieve their goals in academic.
3- The independent variable involves those variables that tend to change or controlled to impact the subject of research. The independent variable in the study includes the home chaos and academic achievement. This is because any changes made to them will directly affect the subject of the study.
4- Dependent variable on the other hand involves the research subject that the researchers are studying. Based on the research, the dependent variable here includes the kindergarteners and graders who were recruited by the researchers from a large study.
5- The participants for the study include the fifty kindergarteners and fifty-three first graders comprising of fifty one percent girls. In context, the participants comprise of children and their parents, both mothers and fathers from uneducated background when compared to the previous ones.
6- The researchers invited participants to join in the present study. The parents who were among the participants reported on chaos in their respective families. Children who also participated in the study wore actigraphs for about five weekdays while parents were there to ensure children used the right protocol on actigraph. Parents received %50 as payment for their participation while children were given two small toys.
7- The researchers used the Comparison of Means for this study. They used the test approach to compare the different outcomes between the two variables from similar geographical population. In particular, the y utilized ANOVA Comparison of Means to test for the difference among the two studies, the current one and the previous larger study they had conducted.
8- The researchers found out that AA and Chaos had a negative relationship when children managed to experience adequate sleep duration. In essence, children in homes with lower chaos and with longer sleep duration experience had higher AA while in contrast; children from homes with higher chaos and experience low sleep duration had low AA.
Article 3: Examining the Dimensionality of Effortful Control in Preschool Children
and Its Relation to Academic and Socioemotional Indicators
1- The study’s hypothesis is that the dimensionality of effortful control in preschool children has potential relations to both outcomes of children’s academics and social-motional. Based on the research subject, effortful control is considered as an essential construct of development in children and it is often associated with other factors including academic performance, social-emotional growth and psychopathology.
2- One of the significant predictions made by the researchers is that the discovering of temperament nature has renewed interest due to its implications regarding potential development. Also, they predict that the higher order of temperament structure has been recovered consistently across methods and time. The researchers also predict that children with higher effortful control tend to be better in terms of anger regulation.
3- Independent variables are variables that the researchers can make changes or have control over them to impact the subject of the study. Based on this research, independent variable includes the dimensionality of effortful control.
4- On the other side, dependent variables are those which the researchers are investigating to observe the response they perceive from the changes made to independent variables. Here, the dependent variable in the study includes the preschool children. They are the variable being affected by the changes made to the independent variable.
5- Some of the significant participants in the study include the children from sixteen preschools in Northern Florida. Another group of participants is the facility directors who allowed the researcher to collect data from their facility. Also, parents are another group of participants who agreed to participate in the study.
6- Children are selected or recruited from sixteen preschool institutions located in Northern Florida. The facility directors on the other hand participate by signing agreements that allows the researcher to collect data at the facilities (Nicholas, 2011). The parents to 234 preschools institution also play a role in participation by signing consent forms that allows researcher to use their children to find the research question.
7- The researchers utilize descriptive type of statistics and preliminary analysis to aid in this study. Descriptive statistics helps the researchers to report raw data regarding children’s performance on the 8 effortful control tasks on comprehensive tables. Other significantly statistically tests for the study includes correlational tests and regression tests.
8- The researchers for this study conclude by indicating that EC can best be represented as a contrast of unidimension. Based on their conclusion, this can be invariant across the rage of age and gender which were included in the research. The two distinct and correlated dimensions lacked clear discriminant validity therefore could not reflect essential distinctions.
Article 4: Socioeconomic Risk Moderates the Link Between Household Chaos and
Maternal Executive Function
1- The hypothesis for the study is that higher…
