memory improvement questions
Memory
Memory Foundations and Applications
Third Edition
Bennett L. Schwartz Florida International University
FOR INFORMATION:
SAGE Publications, Inc.
2455 Teller Road
Thousand Oaks, California 91320
E-mail: order@sagepub.com
SAGE Publications Ltd.
1 Oliver’s Yard
55 City Road
London EC1Y 1SP
United Kingdom
SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd.
B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area
Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044
India
SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd.
3 Church Street
#10-04 Samsung Hub
Singapore 049483
Copyright © 2018 by SAGE Publications, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN: 978-1-5063-2653-5
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Acquisitions Editor: Abbie Rickard
eLearning Editor: Morgan Shannon
Production Editor: Libby Larson
Copy Editor: Karin Rathert
Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd.
Proofreader: Alison Syring
Indexer: Will Ragsdale
Cover Designer: Candice Harman
Marketing Manager: Katherine Hepburn
Brief Contents Preface 1. Introduction to the Study of Memory 2. Memory and the Brain 3. Working Memory 4. Episodic Memory 5. Semantic Memory 6. Visual Memory 7. Autobiographical Memory 8. False Memory 9. Metamemory 10. Memory Disorders 11. Memory in Childhood 12. Memory in Older Adults 13. Memory Improvement and Learning Efficiency: A User’s Guide Glossary References Author Index Subject Index About the Author
Detailed Contents Preface 1 Introduction to the Study of Memory
The Science of Memory The History of Memory Research
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909) Mary Calkins (1863–1930) Behaviorism Frederic Bartlett (1886–1969) Endel Tulving (1927– ) Cognitive Psychology Elizabeth Loftus (1944– ) Cognitive Neuroscience
Section Quiz Methods of Studying Memory Memory Measures
Recall Recognition Implicit Memory Tests Reaction Time Source Judgments Metamemory Judgments Summary of Memory Measures Neuropsychology Animal Models Neuroimaging
Section Summary and Quiz Improving Memory Efficiency Themes for the Book Summary Key Terms Review Questions Online Resources
2 Memory and the Brain Old Questions, New Answers Brain and Memory Neurons
Neurotransmitters Structures of the Human Brain
Subcortical Structures Cortical Areas of the Brain Associated With Memory
Interim Summary and Quiz Methods in Cognitive Neuroscience
EEG (Electroencephalography) Magnetoencephalography (MEG) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technologies Brain Stimulation Techniques
Section Quiz Neuropsychology: Memory Deficits and Amnesia Chemical Enhancement of Memory Olfaction, Memory, and the Brain Memory, Music, and the Brain Summary Key Terms Review Questions Online Resources
3 Working Memory What Is Working Memory? Some Terminological Clarifications Sensory Memory Working Memory Capacity
Pronunciation Time The Duration of Information in Working Memory The Serial Position Curve and Its Implication for Working Memory Section Summary and Quiz The Working Memory Model of Baddeley Working Memory Systems
The Phonological Loop Visuospatial Sketchpad The Episodic Buffer The Central Executive
Section Summary and Quiz Working Memory and the Brain Applications of Working Memory
Reading Fluency Verbal Fluency Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Alzheimer’s Disease
Summary Key Terms Review Questions Online Resources
4 Episodic Memory Evidence for the Episodic/Semantic Distinction
Behavioral Evidence Neuropsychological Evidence Evidence From Neuroimaging
Section Summary and Quiz Memory Processes: Encoding, Representation, and Retrieval (Part I)
Encoding in Episodic Memory Levels of Processing Applications of Levels of Processing The Self-Reference Effect Survival Processing The Generation Effect Organization Distinctiveness
Section Summary and Quiz Memory Processes: Encoding, Representation, and Retrieval (Part II)
Retrieval From Episodic Memory Encoding Specificity Inhibition in Episodic Memory Retrieval-Induced Inhibition Part-Set Cueing
Directed Forgetting Prospective Memory Summary Key Terms Review Questions Online Resources
5 Semantic Memory Associative Structures in Semantic Memory Semantic Priming and Lexical Decision Tasks Sentence Verification Tasks Bilingual Representation Section Summary and Quiz Concepts and Categories
Categories Are Fuzzy Family Resemblance Exemplar Theory and Feature Comparison Theory Prototype Theory Situated Simulation Theory
Section Summary and Quiz Schemas and Scripts
Reconstruction of Events Semantic Memory and Music Language, Lexical Memory, and Semantic Memory Section Quiz
Summary Key Terms Review Questions Online Resources
6 Visual Memory Visual Memory: Recognition and Recall Representation and Imagery
Shepard and Metzler’s Mental Rotation Experiment Neuroimaging and the Analog View
Section Summary and Quiz Other Topics in Visual Memory Photographic Memory: Reality or Fantasy? Cognitive Maps Memory for Faces Simultaneous and Sequential Lineups in Eyewitness Memory
Own-Race Bias The Neuroscience of Face Memory
Section Summary and Quiz Application of Visual Imagery to Mnemonics
Method of Loci Keyword Technique Pegword Mnemonic Interactive Versus Bizarre Imagery
Summary Key Terms Review Questions Online Resources
7 Autobiographical Memory Conway’s Theory of Representation in Autobiographical Memory
Event-Specific Memories General Events Lifetime Periods The Working Self
Section Summary and Quiz Childhood Amnesia
Psychodynamic View Age-Related Changes in Self-Concept Neurological Transitions in Memory Systems Influence of Language on Memory Development Childhood Amnesia May Result From Multiple Causes
Flashbulb Memories Accuracy of Flashbulb Memories Theories of Flashbulb Memory Formation
Collaborative Memory
Section Summary and Quiz Diary Studies and Autobiographical Memory The Cue-Word Technique for Eliciting Autobiographical Memories and the Reminiscence Bump Aspects of Autobiographical Memory
Field and Observer Memories Involuntary Memories Disputed Memories Music and Autobiographical Memory Sense of Smell and Autobiographical Memory
The Neuroscience of Autobiographical Memory Summary Key Terms Review Questions Online Resources
8 False Memory Correspondence, Accuracy, and Amount Source Monitoring Methods of Studying False Memory
Deese-Roediger-McDermott Procedure (DRM) Visual False Memory Procedure False Memory Induction Procedure Imagination Inflation Fabricated or Altered Evidence
Section Summary and Quiz Hypnosis and Memory Recovered Memory: The Reality of Repression
Mechanisms of Repression and Recovery Failure to Rehearse Retrieval Suppression
False Memories and Legal Psychology Eyewitness Testimony
Effects of Wording on Memory of an Accident The Misinformation Effect
Explanations for the Misinformation Effect Section Summary and Quiz The Cognitive Interview: More Information Without Suggestion Summary Key Terms Review Questions Online Resources
9 Metamemory What Is Metamemory? Theories of Metamemory
Direct-Access Theories Indirect or Inferential Theories
Section Summary and Quiz Types of Judgments
Tip-of-the-Tongue States Brain Mechanisms Feeling of Knowing Mechanisms of Feeling of Knowing Brain Mechanisms of Feeling of Knowing Neuropsychology and Feeling of Knowing Judgments of Learning Factors That Influence Judgments of Learning Brain Mechanisms for Judgments of Learning
Section Summary and Quiz Control Processes in Metamemory
Labor-in-Vain Effect Region of Proximal Learning Control Processes at Retrieval TOTs and Retrieval Time A Note on Accuracy
Other Kinds of Metamemory Retrospective Confidence The Déjà vu Experience
Summary Key Terms Review Questions Online Resources
10 Memory Disorders What Is Amnesia? Case Studies of Amnesia
Patient HM Clive Wearing
Anterograde Amnesia Implicit Memory in the Amnesic Syndrome Awareness in the Amnesic Syndrome Simulated Anterograde Amnesia
Section Summary and Quiz Retrograde Amnesia
Electroconvulsive Therapy Korsakoff’s Disease
Frontal Syndrome Behavioral Issues in Frontal Patients
Transient Global Amnesia Short-Term Memory Amnesia
Reduplicative Paramnesia and Capgrass Syndrome Section Summary and Quiz Psychogenic Amnesia
Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative Fugue Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Repression
Alzheimer’s Disease Causes of Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Memory Rehabilitation Summary Key Terms Review Questions Online Resources
11 Memory in Childhood Memory in Infancy
Visual Recognition Nonnutritive Sucking Conjugate Reinforcement Technique Imitation Memory for Language in Infancy Semantic Memory Episodic Memory
Section Summary and Quiz Memory in Early Childhood
Why Does Memory Improve During Early Childhood? Memory Strategies View Memory Efficiency View Episodic Memory Memory Conversations and Episodic Memory
Children’s Eyewitness Memory Memory and Stress in Children’s Episodic Memory
Section Summary and Quiz Memory in Older Children Metamemory in Children
Overconfidence in Judgments A Guide to Developing Memory Skills in Young Children Summary Key Terms Review Questions Online Resources
12 Memory in Older Adults Theories of Aging and Memory
Processing Speed Inhibition Theory Decline in the Strategic Use of Memory
Section Summary and Quiz Age-Related Changes in Working Memory Semantic Memory Episodic Memory
Recall Versus Recognition in Episodic Memory Memory Accuracy in Episodic Memory
False Memory in Older Adults Suggestibility Misattribution of Source Associative Meaning
Section Summary and Quiz Metamemory in Older Adults
Judgments of Learning TOTs and Aging
Use It or Lose It: Maintaining Memory Ability in Older Adults Mnemonic Tips for Older Adults The Neuroscience of Memory and Aging Summary Key Terms Review Questions Online Resources
13 Memory Improvement and Learning Efficiency: A User’s…
