Personality
Chapter 12
Personality
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Trait
Personological/Life Story
Social Cognitive
Biological
Assessment
Health and Wellness
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Personality
A pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world
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Psychodynamic Perspectives
Theoretical view emphasizing that personality is primarily unconscious.
Understanding personality involves exploring the symbolic meanings of behavior and the unconscious mind
Early childhood experiences sculpt the individual’s personality
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Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud and Psychoanalysis
sex drive – main determinant of personality development
Hysteria
physical symptoms without physical cause
overdetermined – multiple unconscious causes
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Personality Structure (1 of 2)
Id
instincts and reservoir of psychic energy
pleasure principle
Ego
deals with the demands of reality
reality principle
Superego
moral branch of personality; “conscience”
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Discussion: Have class identify celebrities or fictitious characters that embody the ID, EGO, and SUPEREGO, respectively.
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Personality Structure (2 of 2)
Iceberg Analogy of Human Personality
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Note: Instructor may choose to use this slide at several different points in lecture: (1) after Id/Ego/Superego are introduced; (2) after Unconscious processes and Repression are introduced; or (3) after Defense Mechanisms are enumerated. Reposition slide as appropriate.
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Defense Mechanisms (1 of 2)
Conflict between the id, ego, and superego results in anxiety.
Defense Mechanisms
reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
not necessarily unhealthy
Repression
push unacceptable impulses out of awareness
foundation for all defense mechanisms
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Note: Instructors should note that the use of defense mechanisms is an unconscious process and that their use can be beneficial to us and/or society. For example, it would be unhealthy for anyone to be constantly and vividly focused on all the painful and loathsome experiences one has ever had.
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Defense Mechanisms (2 of 2)
Repression: forget the unacceptable
Rationalization: claim different motive
Displacement: shift feelings to new object
Sublimation: transform vile to valuable
Projection: attribute own faults to others
Reaction Formation: convert to opposite emotion
Denial: disbelieve present reality
Regression: revert to earlier, “safer” period
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Suggestion: Provide concrete illustrations of each defense mechanism
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Psychosexual Stages (1 of 2)
Oral Stage: 0-18 Months
infant’s pleasure centers on the mouth
Anal Stage: 18-36 Months
child’s pleasure involves eliminative functions
Phallic Stage: 3-6 Years
child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals
Oedipal complex
castration anxiety
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Psychosexual Stages (2 of 2)
Latency Stage: 6 Years – Puberty
psychic “time-out”
interest in sexuality is repressed
Genital Stage: Adolescence and Adulthood
sexual reawakening
source of sexual pleasure is someone else
Fixation – Remain locked in particular developmental stage (e.g., anal retentive)
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Dissenters and Revisionists (1 of 2)
Sexuality
not pervasive force behind personality
Early Experience
not as powerful as Freud thought
Importance of Conscious thought
Sociocultural Influences
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Dissenters and Revisionists (2 of 2)
Horney’s Sociocultural Approach
both sexes envy the attributes of the other
need for security, not sex, is primary motivator
Jung’s Analytical Theory
collective unconscious and archetypes
Adler’s Individual Psychology
perfection, not pleasure, is key motivator
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Evaluating Psychodynamic Theory
Criticisms
too much emphasis on early experiences
too much faith in unconscious mind’s control
too much emphasis on sexual instincts
theory can not be tested
Contributions
importance of childhood experiences
development proceeds in stages
role of unconscious processes
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Humanistic Perspectives (1 of 3)
emphasis on a person’s capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities
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Humanistic Perspectives (2 of 3)
Abraham Maslow
third force psychology
self-actualization
peak experiences
biased since focus was on highly successful individuals
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Suggestion: Remind students of Maslow’s hierarchy from the Motivation and Emotion chapter.
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Humanistic Perspectives (3 of 3)
Carl Rogers
personal growth and self-determination
unconditional positive regard
conditions of worth
self-concept
empathy
genuineness
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Suggestion: Alert students that we will be revisiting Carl Rogers in the chapter on Therapy, and these principles will be central.
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Evaluating Humanistic Perspectives
Contributions
self-perception is key to personality
consider the positive aspects of human nature
emphasize conscious experience
Criticisms
too optimistic about human nature
promotes self-love and narcissism
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Trait Perspectives (1 of 2)
Trait
an enduring disposition that leads to characteristic responses
traits are the building blocks of personality
Trait Theories
people can be described by their typical behavior
strong versus weak tendencies
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Note: Trait theory stands in contrast to personality theorists who claim that the whole is greater than the some of its parts. While trait theorists claim that a personality can be understood by listing off the traits that go into that personality, critics insist that a tiger is more than a pile of tiger parts, and a personality is more than a pile of traits. While this slide is not yet the point for critiquing trait theory (that comes a few slides down the road) without knowing the alternative view, the statements that “Traits are building blocks” and “People can be described by their typical behavior” may come across as harmlessly banal when in fact a controversial theoretical claim is being put forth.
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Trait Perspectives (2 of 2)
Gordon All port
personality understood through traits
behavior consistent across situations
lexical approach 4500 traits
W. T. Norman
five factor model
broad traits – main dimensions of personality
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Five Factor Model of Personality (1 of 7)
Openness
Imaginative Practical
Variety Routine
Independent Conforming
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Note: Each of the five personality factors is far more than a trait. First of all, a personality factor is not a unipolar characteristic, but a bipolar continuum. For example, the factor is not simply “Imaginative” but varying degrees ranging from “Very Imaginative” to “Very Practical.” Secondly, the factor is not one continuum, but a cluster of correlated continua. For example, it is not simply “Imaginative v. Practical” but also “Independent v. Conforming”…
