Proposal Paper and Annotated Bibliography
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Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Research Proposal Paper Annotated Bibliography
NAME
Liberty University
Abstract
This annotated bibliography will present ten sources for research on the relationship between the Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) and social media use and how that might change within different personality types in adolescents. This research topic allows room for research to be needed for several different aspects. These sources will attempt to cover all areas needed to provide a proper research proposal. These sources addresses the specifics of FoMO and how to measure it, personality types from the Big Five Assessment and how it correlates with emotions that relate to FoMO, and the heightened use of social media within adolescents. The bibliography consists of a description and summary of the article, an evaluation, a critique, qualifications of the authors, contribution to existing literature, and a critique of all assessments used within each study.
References
1) Abel, J. P., Buff, C. L., & Burr, S. A. (2016). Social media and the fear of missing out: Scale
development and assessment. Journal of Business & Economics Research
(Online), 14(1), 33. Retrieved from
http://ezproxy.liberty.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.liberty.edu/docvi
ew/1757523519?accountid=12085
Abel, Buff, and Burr used a sample of 232 millennials, with the majority being college students. They used extant scales for inadequacy, irritability, anxiety, and self-esteem to create a measure of FoMO (Fear of Missing out). These scales were taken from the Feelings of Inadequacy Scale by Janis and Field, the State Trait Anxiety Inventory by Spielberger et al. and the Irritability Questionnaire by Craig, Hietana, Markova, and Berrios, as well as the Self-Esteem Scale by Rosenberg. This all came together in a 37 item Likert type scale survey and was shared through email and social media outlets.
This information created a scale to measure FOMO and how it affects decision making when it comes to the fear of missing out on an opportunity. This also provides a deeper understanding of the relationship of FOMO and social media use, which can directly correlate into self-esteem related issues, especially among adolescents.
This study provided a vast amount of relevant research that was needed to expand on the topic of FoMO due to the increase of it in the past few years. With a hypothesis set to develop a valid measure of FoMO, this goal was met. The components were thorough and detailed which provided a high reliability. However, the sampling was vague with how the researches went about collecting the sample of millennials and if it was random or convenient.
Jessica Abel is an Associate Brand Manager at Beech-Nut Nutrition and applies her research to marketing for millennials in her management position and is working on her MBA at Union College. Cheryl Buff, Ph.D, is the Associate Dean of the School of Business at Siena College and has authored articles in the realm of consumer behavior, branding, social media, etc. Sarah Burr is a research analyst and is a graduate from Siena College with a marketing degree and a minor in psychology.
This article contributes to existing literature by taking what is previously understood about FoMO and applying a method of measuring it since one had not existed. FoMO had been researched to an extent with particular variables but this study adds more details for an accurate measuring technique.
The assessments used were scales to use as starting points to create a survey in order to measure FoMO. However, to test the reliability, The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value that was used was .783 exceeding the usual value of .6. However, the Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity did hold statistical significance.
2) Beyens, I., Frison, E., & Eggermont, S. (2016). “I don’t want to miss a thing”: Adolescents’
fear of missing out and its relationship to adolescents’ social needs, Facebook use, and
Facebook related stress. Computers in Human Behavior,64, 1-8.
http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.liberty.edu/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.083
Beyens, Fison, and Eggermont used a cross-sectional study using a convenience sample of 402 high school students in Belgium. They surveyed the students using the Need to Belong Scale (NTBS), the popularity scale of Sator et al (2000), the Fear of Missing Out Scale (FoMOs), the Facebook Intensity Scale, and a perceived stress related to Facebook use scale.
This research is extremely pertinent and relevant to fear of missing out in relation to social media exposure. The study sought to increase knowledge and understanding of how the basic social needs of adolescents are related to Facebook use (which, in turn could start more research on every social media networking site). By providing more understanding, this helps research to see how the fear of missing out relates to the inner social needs and anxieties of adolescents that expose self esteem issues.
The research analyzed four hypotheses. H1 was “Adolescents’ need to belong is positively associated with adolescents’ Facebook use,” H2 was “adolescents’ need for popularity is positively associated with adolescents’ Facebook use,” H3 was “adolescents’ fear of missing out (FoMO) mediates the relationships of need to belong and need for popularity with Facebook use,” H4 was “adolescents’ fear of missing out (FoMO) is positively associated with perceived stress related to Facebook use” (Beyens, Frison, Eggermont, 2016). The detailed thought and research holds strong validity throughout. A need for improvement would be to include research on all forms of social media as opposed to limiting it to Facebook only. Also the cross-sectional study design is limiting; a longitudinal study would be more affective for measuring FoMO.
Ine Beyens is a PhD student at the Leuven School for Mass Communication Research and specializes in the uses and effects of screen media among children and adolescents. Eline Frison is also a PhD student at the Leven School for Mass Communication Research. Steven Eggermont, PhD is the director of the Leuven School for Mass Communication Research and program director of Communication Sciences at the University Leuven. Comment by Lucy Phillips: great work discussing the authors and their qualifications.
This source contributes to the existing literature as previous studies have researched the correlation between fear of missing out and heightened stress but not in terms of Facebook specifically. This helps foster the continued discussion on social media’s effects on FoMO. Comment by Lucy Phillips: Nice job identifying how this article extended previous findings
The NTBS was straightforward and reliable with a Cronbach’s a=0.83. Confirmed factor analysis indicated that the construct validity of the scale was good. The need for popularity assessment also had a strong Cronbach’s a=0.91 and the factor analysis also indicated a good construct validity. The FoMOs is a reliable test that has been used in several research studies and has proven to be reliable and valid and is obviously able to be replicated. The psychometric properties are sound. The Facebook Intensity Scale shoed good reliability as well with Cronbach’s a=0.78. The perceived stress related to Facebook use scale that was developed for the study was very interesting and proved to show good reliability as far as psychometric properties go. The Cronbach’s a=0.82, however I would do multiple tests of this scale considering its newly created purpose for the present study. Comment by Lucy Phillips: nice work including the reliability here. Make sure to use the greek letter α instead here. For more info on writing out the statistics, take a look at the APA Publication Manual sections 4.44 and 4.45. Comment by Lucy Phillips: Good work describing the construct validity Comment by Lucy Phillips: you could probably shorten this up and just say something like: The Perceived Stress Related to Facebook Use Scale developed for this study demonstrated good reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.82). Comment by Lucy Phillips: Good point, what might you do differently if you were testing it again to ensure that it is valid and reliable?
3)Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Dvorak, R. D., & Hall, B. J. (2016). Fear of missing out, need for Comment by Knight, Anita (Ctr for Counseling & Family Studies): I am amazed at how many current studies you found! Comment by Lucy Phillips: nice work finding a current study!
touch, anxiety and depression are related to problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior,63, 509-516. http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.liberty.edu/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.079 Comment by Lucy Phillips: doi:
Elhai, Leveine, Dvorak, and Hall used a convenience sample and recruited participants from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (Mturk), which is an online, labor market used in social science research. The populations were English-speaking North Americans and they utilized a Smartphone Usage scale, the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS), a Need for Touch scale, the FoMOs scale, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS), the Behavioral Activation Scale for Depression-Short Form (BADS), and the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). Comment by Lucy Phillips: Nice work describing the sampling method
The research showed that FoMO is the variable most related to problematic smartphone use. The authors found that FoMO does not necessarily mean high smartphone use versus low smartphone use but instead, it analyzes problematic smartphone use versus nonproblematic smartphone use. This information is relevant to my research because it shows that smartphone use (and the use of social media on smartphones) contributes to FoMO in a very problematic sense. This noted problem is needed to analyze how problematic FoMO is in adolescents specifically. Comment by Lucy Phillips: nice work tying this article into your research question.
The researchers used…
