story quot the apology quot
For this assignment, apply one of these criticism styles to one (or more) of the stories from our class.
Types of Literary Criticism
Literary criticism is the study, discussion, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. When you write about literature at the college level it is not enough to summarize the work; you must analyze the work and demonstrate critical thinking.
Writing literary criticism will be overwhelming unless you select a strategy. You must decide on a tactic or point-of-view from which to analyze the text. Below are a few examples of the many styles of criticism.
Historicist Criticism – Examines the historical context of literature. It documents what was happening (historically) when the work was written, or during the time period in which the story is set. It may also examine the historical accuracy or inaccuracy of a text.
Mark Twain’s A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court is a thinly veiled critique of the promises of the Industrial Revolution.
In Beowulf, the men often name their swords; this was a common practice in Germanic tribes.
Social Class (Marxist) Criticism – Examines how social class and the distribution of wealth impacts the story’s plot, characters, and themes. It is sometimes based on the politics and teachings of Karl Marx. It assesses the political tendencies of a literary work, with special emphasis on the study of social classes and the distribution of wealth.
The dialogue between Hamlet and the gravediggers lends necessary perspective to the political beliefs held by the play’s royal characters.
In the movie Titanic, director James Cameron clearly illustrated how lower-class citizens were treated unfairly by the cruise line company.
Feminist Criticism – Concerned with the politics of women’s authorship and the representation of female characters within literature. Feminist criticism often examines the disparity between genders in regard to power, money, and independence.
In The House of Mirth, Lily Bart’s death is the result of female suppression and gender-based double-standards.
In the recently updated TV drama Dallas, women are often portrayed as stronger and more clever than men.
Biographical Criticism – Examines the life of the author, and demonstrates how actual events are reflected in the literature.
Singer Taylor Swift writes songs that are clearly inspired by her real-life romances.
Emily Dickinson’s self-imposed loneliness is reflected in a number of her famous poems.
Psychoanalytic Criticism—Involves the psychological examination of a character. Sometimes this criticism style is based on the traditions of psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud. It studies the emotional state and psychological aspects of a character in order to explain behavior, motive, and plot.
The marriage portrayed in Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? is not the hellish relationship it appears to be on the surface, but rather a deliberate and consensual slice of sadomasochist heaven.
In Shrek, much of Donkey’s wild behavior is inspired by his insecurities.
Post-Colonialism—Deals with literature about (or written in) geographic regions that are/were colonies of other countries. It focuses on the development of a national identity in the wake of colonial rule.
The Heart of Darkness reveals the racist and imperialistic nature of both Joseph Conrad and his unquestioning Western readers.
Gender Identity Criticism—Also known as lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBTQIA) criticism. It is the study of gender and sexuality issues of the author, characters, and/or society. It is the search for homosexual influences and themes in works of literature, and the analysis of political currents linking the oppression of others to the oppression of homosexuals.
After analyzing the scenes in which Aziz and Fielding are alone together in A Passage to India, one must conclude that the men are engaged in a love affair.
Reader Response Criticism – The study of the audience’s reaction, and not the work itself. It emphasizes the reader’s role in creating meaning and experience of literary work. It may be based on the reactions of a single reader (audience member), or a group.
The Homecoming by Harold Pinter is often disturbing to women because of their need for a traditional portrayal of female sexuality.
New Criticism—Close reading and analysis of the text and words. It rejects the use of any outside sources such as biography or history. It focuses on ambiguity, meaning, theme, imagery, metaphor, rhythm, etc., and uses examples only from the text itself. Sample new criticism thesis: The rhyme scheme in Don Juan complements the fast-paced folly of its hero.
Comparative Criticism—Compares the story to another work or thing. If you write a comparison, make sure your thesis contains an opinion. Example: The 2007 film version of Beowulf portrays Beowulf without the honor and integrity that is so important to the plot of the text.
Please note that it is possible for two or more criticism styles to exist in a single essay. For example, an essay about Emily Dickinson’s agoraphobia would be both biographical and psychoanalytic.
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