Statistics is needed at every stage of the research beginning from planning to the end, in order to gain scientifically importance and to obtain reliable results. The use of the inappropriate statistical method, technique and the analysis cause time and cost lost and most importantly thinking in the way of scientific ethics, it gives harm to science and humanity. Even if the study is carefully planned to conduct as a result of applications with errors, the misleading results might be obtained. That leads other mistake who takes as a reference to those studies (Ercan, 2007).

There are different types of graphics to demonstrate the distribution and the tendency of the variable in detail. Nevertheless most of the researchers do not know which graphic type is suitable for which type of data and objective, so they plot the graphs at random, resulting in wrong impression of the true nature of the data. Graphic representations can be misleading, and large differences between groups that come with large variability might not be significant, no matter how they look (Ercan, 2007).

 A review  subjected to the use of statistics in science and in medical journals to indicate room for improvement stated that at least half of the published scientific methods have statistical errors. Some of the errors mentioned include failing to document the statistical methods used or using an improper method to test statistical hypothesis, every research, in every planning, and in everything that is scientifically important.  An example of this would be  the following study analyzes “articles in Infection and Immunity for appropriateness of statistical analysis and reporting. I reviewed all 141 articles from two issues, January 2002 (volume 70, no. 1) and July 2002 (volume 70, no. 7); listed the statistical analyses used; and identified errors in analysis and reporting. Errors were defined with respect to the current instructions to authors (2), accepted statistical practice), and professional judgment” (Olsen, C. H. 2003).

I NEED YOU TO COMMENT FROM THIS POST NO MORE THAN 150 WORDS NEEDED AND A REFERENCE PLEASE

Details:

The culmination of the doctoral journey is the dissertation. This assignment will provide an opportunity to research possible topics in the field of leadership that could be used for your dissertation research.

General Requirements:

Use the following information to ensure successful completion of the assignment:

• Instructors will be using a grading rubric to grade the assignments. It is recommended that learners review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment in order to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.
• Doctoral learners are required to use APA style for their writing assignments. The APA Style Guide is located in the Student Success Center.
• This assignment requires that at least two additional scholarly research sources related to this topic, and at least one in-text citation from each source be included.
• Locate and print “Comparison Matrix 2.”
• Locate and print “Empirical Research Checklist.”
• Go to the GCU Library. Use the “Find Journal Articles” search feature found on the home page of the GCU Library to locate three scholarly empirical research sources related to leadership. Use the “Empirical Research Checklist” to determine if a study is empirical. One of the three sources must be related to the role personality plays in leadership. One may be on any topic related to leadership. The third must come from the reference list of one of the two previously chosen empirical sources.
• Use information from the empirical sources to complete “Comparison Matrix 2.”

Directions:

Use the information from the completed “Comparison Matrix 2” to write a paper of 1,250-1,500 words that summarizes the three scholarly empirical research sources and proposes at least one dissertation research study you might pursue. The paper will include the following sections:

Introduction (200-250 words)

1. The title of each study
2. The author of each study
3. Comparison of the purposes of each study
4. Comparison of the author’s statements of why the study is important.

Research Questions (250-300 words)

1. Comparison of the research questions posed in the studies

Sample Populations (175-225 words)

1. Comparison of the sample populations used in the studies

Results (300-350 words)

1. Comparison of the results of the studies

Conclusion (325-375 words)

1. Discussion of the limitations of the studies
2. Discussion of what you conclude from the studies
3. Proposal of at least one dissertation research study you might pursue and how choosing this possible topic will generate new knowledge in this field of study

Submit the completed “Comparison Matrix 2” and the “Research Study Paper” as a single deliverable.

LDR802.v10R.EmpiricalResearchChecklist_Student.docxLDR802.v10R.ComparisonMatrix2_Student.docx