Designing Quantitative Research
Research Theory, Design, and Methods Walden University © 2016 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 1 of 2 Threats to Internal Validity (Shadish, Cook, & Campbell, 2002) 1. Ambiguous temporal precedence. Based on the design, unable to determine with certainty which variable occurred first or which variable caused the other. Thus, unable to conclude with certainty cause-effect […]
