Classical Conditioning

Introduction:

Classical conditioning involves a learned association (when one thing happens, you expect another thing to happen because they have been paired together several times). We all encounter instances of classical conditioning in life every day. We are often so used to these learned associations that we don’t pay them much attention. Operant conditioning involves an increase or decrease in a behavior based on pleasant or unpleasant consequences. The terms reinforcement or punishment are used in operant conditioning.

Watch this video:

  1. [CrashCourse]. (2014, Apr 21). How to train a brain – Crash course psychology #11 [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qG2SwE_6uVM

Thoroughly discuss the following questions:

  1. Using your own example, explain a situation that demonstrates classical conditioning. Identify the key elements of classical conditioning, including the neutral stimulus, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, and conditioned response. Explain how these components are labeled before conditioning, during conditioning, and after conditioning has occurred. Remember that neutral means there is no meaning at first, unconditioned means unlearned (natural), and conditioned means learned.
  2. Define operant conditioning.
  3. Give an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment.
  4. What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?
  5. Define the schedules of reinforcement in operant conditioning and give an example for each schedule.
  6. Finally, compare and contrast classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

Important guidelines to follow:

Write at least a 300-word, well-developed and well-written response. Use APA Formatting Guide to create accurate citations and documentation to give credit for any resource material used in your response. Your assignment is due October 3rd in class.

Grading Criteria

To maximize your score, you must answer all questions and follow instructions.

 

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Write a three-page summary that includes the information about the article (where you got it, date, and author) and your reflection of what you read. Do you agree or disagree with what it is saying? Were all sides presented? What will you take out of it in the area of human diversity in your personal or professional life? Scan and attach the article to your paper.

Human Diversity Article Requirement

Part of the job of an individual living in a diverse environment is to know some of the news events that are happening in the world around them. Instead of having weekly quizzes, each person in class will look for one article having to do with race, culture, gender, socioeconomic status/class, sexual orientation, disability, age or religion. This article can be from a newspaper or the internet and can be local, county, state, country, or international in scope (many options!).  The only restriction would be that I would prefer that the article NOT be from a popular culture or gossip magazine (ie. Cosmopolitan, People, Glamour, National Inquirer, etc.).  Journalistic magazines are OK (Time, Newsweek, etc.).  In other words, I’d like the article to be from a serious journalistic or academic source.  If you have any questions, shoot me an e-mail…

Write a three-page summary that includes the information about the article (where you got it, date, and author) and your reflection of what you read. Do you agree or disagree with what it is saying? Were all sides presented? What will you take out of it in the area of human diversity in your personal or professional life? Scan and attach the article to your paper.

 

 

 

Does your diversity in the news summary do the following? PTS COMMENTS
Identifying information: Author, date, publication.

Article is from the last two weeks and addresses given topic.

(6 points)

    
Short Summary of the article (no more than two paragraphs)

(10 points)

    
Agreement/disagreement or strengths/weaknesses with the article. Were all sides presented? Be sure to note the reasons why you agree or disagree for full points. (10 points)    
What will you take out of the article in your personal or professional life? (Practical application)

(10 points)

    
Demonstrate basic understanding of grammar/mechanics. No major spelling/grammar errors. (4 points).    
Oral presentation in class. Convey the findings of the article, along with your thoughts in a precise manner. Answer questions other students may have (10 points)    

 
The following criteria allows the instructor to give extra credit for exemplary work:    
Present an original, creative or unusual approach to the topic (between 1-3 additional points)    

 

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The post Write a three-page summary that includes the information about the article (where you got it, date, and author) and your reflection of what you read. Do you agree or disagree with what it is saying? Were all sides presented? What will you take out of it in the area of human diversity in your personal or professional life? Scan and attach the article to your paper. appeared first on Premium Academic Affiliates.

Drug administrators tend to abuse the prescriptive authority of controlled substances

Drug administrators tend to abuse the prescriptive authority of controlled substances. In the case of advanced practice registered nurse (APRN), Heather Alfonso has been used to demonstrate this (Lisa Chedekel, 2015). She used her position in the Medicare drug program to prescribe controlled substances. Schedule 2 drugs are not supposed to be prescribed by nurse practitioners because it is highly likely that the drugs will be abused. Such issues arise mainly when medical practitioners are willing to compromise their practice by receiving hefty payments to prescribe and administer controlled substances regardless of the rules and regulations.

For a medical physician to control the administering of controlled substances, the first step that the physician ensures that a diagnostic workup is conducted. Physicians will have a proper diagnosis of the patients after the diagnostic workup before administering any drug. In the case of Heather Alonso, most of the patients did not have reviews and diagnostic workup before prescriptions and the administration of the drugs which was wrong. The second step a physician should take is obtaining the medical history of the patient and utilizing the prescription database. The database will give information on the drugs the patient has received and will show if other doctors have given multiple medications to the patient (Joel L. Young, 2018).

Also necessary is screening for drug-seeking, this will show if the patient is genuine or just abusing drugs. States can improve their prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMP), the better standards will ensure better monitoring and administration of controlled drugs. Any drugs under schedule 2-5 will be monitored. States will be able to learn if stricter control and surveillance are required. Surprise audits at drug administrators can be done through PDMP to check whether the necessary rules and regulations are adhered to. This will lead to efficiency in monitoring and control of administering controlled substances.

References

Joel L. Young. (2018, June 25). Best practices when prescribing controlled substances. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/when-your-adult-child-breaks-your-heart/201806/best-practices-when-prescribing-controlled

Lisa Chedekel. (2015, April 6). High-prescribing nurse surrenders drug licenses. Retrieved from https://c-hit.org/2015/04/06/high-prescribing-nurse-surrenders-drug-licenses/

 

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Compare and contrast maternal age, nutrition, and emotional state as influences on prenatal development

Compare and contrast maternal age, nutrition, and emotional state as influences on prenatal development. And, discuss what pregnant women can do to minimize their exposure to teratogens during pregnancy.

 

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