Assignment: Integrity at Work.

Assignment: Integrity at Work.

Assignment: Integrity at Work.

Assignment: Integrity at Work.

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Week 10 discussion A credible person will do what they say. Describe a time when you felt free in displaying your integrity at work. Describe a time when you felt fearful displaying your integrity at work. What was the determining factor(s) that allowed you to lead by example versus going against your heart? If you never felt free in displaying your integrity at work, describe what conditions would need to exist for you to do so?

Integrity Is an Example of a Value

Integrity is one of the fundamental values that employers seek in the employees that they hire. It is the hallmark of a person who demonstrates sound moral and ethical principles at work.

Integrity is the foundation on which coworkers build relationships, trust, and effective interpersonal relationships. Any definition of integrity you may find valuable and illustrative will emphasize these factors.

A person who has integrity lives his or her values in relationships with coworkers, customers, and stakeholders. Honesty and trust are central to integrity. Acting with honor and truthfulness are also basic tenets in a person with integrity.

People who demonstrate integrity draw others to them because they are trustworthy and dependable. They are principled and you can count on them to behave in honorable ways even when no one is watching. They are principled enough that they perform even when no one even knows about their performance. They form the core of the people who you want to hire if you seek a superior, trustworthy workforce.

Examples of Integrity in the Workplace in Action

Integrity is another fundamental value that you immediately recognize when you see it in the behavior of a coworker. But, it’s hard to describe adequately to provide a picture that produces shared meaning. So, the following are examples of integrity as it plays out—or should play out—every single day in the workplace. You may be surprised to learn that integrity is demonstrated in large ways and in small daily activities and practices.

1. The CEO of the company kept the employees up-to-date on the struggles the business was experiencing with clear and frequent communication at team meetings. Employees felt as if they knew exactly what was happening. They were not blindsided by the CEO’s request that they all take a 10 percent pay cut so that the company could avoid layoffs or furloughs for the time being. The employees also felt confident in the turnaround plan they were following as they had helped develop it and they trusted their CEO.

2 John was a developer who had taken a path, that was not working out, to optimize the process the code was supposed to create. Rather than patching together a solution that was not optimum, but that would allow him to save his work, he went to his team. He explained the dead ends he had run into and that he thought that they could create problems for the continual development of advanced features for the software product in the future.

The team discussed and worked through the problem. John scrapped all of his code and started from scratch with the team’s input. His new solution gave the team the ability to expand the product’s capabilities easily in the future.

3. Barbara went to the women’s restroom and used up the last bit of toilet paper in her stall. Rather than leave the dispenser empty for the next employee, she tracked down the location of the toilet paper and replaced the empty roll. Sure, it took her five minutes, but she didn’t leave the next employee in a bind.

4. Ellen missed a deadline for an important deliverable her team was supposed to have developed. Rather than throwing her team members under the bus, even though they hadn’t delivered as promised, she took responsibility for the missed deadline. She addressed the problems with her team and they put in place safeguards that would keep them from underperforming again.

Team members recognized their contribution to the failure but there were no repercussions because Ellen took responsibility as the team leader. (They also recognized that a repeat failure was not allowed.)

5. Two team members were discussing another team member’s failure to perform. They talked critically about the individual’s lack of skill and imagination. They criticized his follow-through efforts and his production. Paul entered the room in the midst of the gossip and discussion, listened for a minute, and then, interrupted. He asked the two team members if they had discussed their issues with the employee who they were criticizing?

6. Mary, the HR manager, was approached by an employee who wanted to formally complain that her boss, a senior manager, was bullying her. Mary immediately investigated the situation and discovered that indeed, the manager was acting in ways that could be considered bullying.

Other employees had experienced the same behavior. Several employees had brought to his attention about how his actions made them feel (Brave souls.) Mary asked the complaining employee how she wanted the situation handled. The employee asked Mary to mediate a conversation because she was afraid to talk to him on her own.

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Minimum Wage-Macroeconomics

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Discuss “standardization whenever possible; adaptation whenever necessary” with examples. You should discuss standardization and adaptation at every aspect of 4Ps — product, promotion, distribution, and pricing.

Discuss “standardization whenever possible; adaptation whenever necessary” with examples. You should discuss standardization and adaptation at every aspect of 4Ps — product, promotion, distribution, and pricing.

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psychology essay

10/4/2019

1

Goals of this course… • Outline the basics of our visuospatial perceptual systems

• Establish and evaluate the two main competing theories of representation and cognition – symbolic and non- symbolic / embodied.

• Investigate cognitive processes and how they relate to the embodied experiences of visual and spatial perception

• Explore the symbol grounding problem and the nature of “understanding” something

• Discuss the current and future state of cognitive science as a discipline

• Expand your mind dude

How to succeed in this course 1. Come to class engaged and prepared to think

2. Ask questions when things are unclear • Do NOT hesitate! If no questions are asked, I’ll assume it’s

understood.

3. Don’t get caught up in writing down everything I say – take notes strategically • I will audio record and post my lectures, unless this is abused • A good strategy – one sentence per slide summing up takeaway point • Focus on ENGAGING with the material, not mindlessly copying me

4. Keep up with all readings • Readings are fair game on RPPQs • I’ll make sure to give you a discussion section in between when the

reading is assigned and when it is quizzed on

5. Take advantage of discussion sections • You can go over readings and discuss your projects and homework

here

6. Get an early start on your project proposal

7. Review material every weekend

Introduction to Visual and Spatial Cognition

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Close your eyes and relax…

How did you answer these questions? • Did any visual imagery come to mind while

answering these questions? How much did you “will” this?

• Did you imagine what it would be like to actually be there, or do the action? How real did this seem?

• Can you imagine things you’ve never done?

• Why is blue “cold”?

• When adding apples, did you visualize the apples? Did you intend to do this, or did you just do it?

• When solving the second math problem, how did you keep track of the numbers?

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3

Visual and Spatial Cognition • The idea that our visual perception, bodily

perception, spatial awareness, and sensorimotor abilities are involved with (necessary for?) cognition.

• How “thinking” utilizes perceptual processes, especially visual and spatial ones

• How “thinking” utilizes motor processes, specifically moving through and interacting with an environment

What is mind?

Mind-Body Problem • Dualism – Mind and body are

separate entities.

• “Although I possess a body with which I am very intimately conjoined. . . . it is certain that this (that is to say, my soul by which I am what I am) is entirely and absolutely distinct from my body, and can exist without it.”

-Descartes

• “Since our inner experiences consist of reproductions, and combinations of sensory impressions, the concept of a soul without a body seem to me to be empty and devoid of meaning. ”

– Einstein

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Penfield Experiment

Desmurget et al., 2009

Artificial Intelligence

• If dualism is wrong, and mind is not some ethereal quality…

• Then we should be able to build an artificial brain, and therefore an artificial mind.

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Turing and Computers

• Turing machine – theoretical computer that can calculate anything calculable.

• Given an input and a current state, provides proper output.

Brains as Turing Machines? • Input comes in • Input represented as

symbols (in this case, binary values)

• Symbols operated on according to rules (and based on state of the system)

• Rules transform input symbols into output symbols

• Information is then output • How your laptop works,

essentially. But is this how the mind works?

http://www.elsevier.com/connect/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Turing-Machine.jpg

Side note: What is a “symbol”? • A symbol is anything that stands

for / represents something else

• This is not a pipe (but it is a symbol of a pipe).

• The digit “2” is a symbol. The quantity two is not.

• A map is a symbol. The actual location is not.

• The word “dog” is a symbol. My dog itself is not a symbol. But this picture of my dog is also a symbol. • Are the symbols “dog” and the

picture of my dog equivalent? Is one less symbolic than the other?

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Artificial Intelligence • What sort of things are symbolic processors and

Turing machines good at? What aren’t they good at?

• Original AI using “Turing style” symbolic processing not successful at many “human” tasks. Modern AI works a bit differently, and has had more success.

• Two forms of artificial intelligence • Weak AI – what we currently have – AI that can do

human-like tasks, such as object recognition, driving, or speech processing. Built for one specific task.

• Strong AI – what we do not currently have – AI that is indistinguishable from a human mind and can do all that humans can do to (at least) the same ability as a human.

• What differences exist between modern weak AI and human intelligence?

How can we know that an artificial intelligence has “mind” in the same way

that we do?

• If there were machines bearing the image of our bodies, and capable of imitating our actions as far as it is [practically] possible, there would still remain two most certain tests whereby to know that they were not therefore, really men. Of these the first is that they could never use words or other signs arranged in such a manner as is competent in us in order to declare our thoughts to others . . . so as appositely to reply to what is said in its presence. The second test is . . . to act in all the contingencies of life in the way in which our reason makes us act.

– Descartes

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The Turing Test

The Turing Test

• Is passing the Turing test enough to consider a computer intelligent?

• Is it enough to consider the computer conscious?

• Can a computer have the same mental experience as a human?

http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/660/media/images/75395000/jpg/_75395401_eugene-goostman-600×338.jpg

Standard Cognitive Science

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Computational Theory of the Mind • Implied from Turing – the brain is a symbolic

processor

• Perception cues symbolic representation, which can be operated on (processed) mentally to provide the desired output.

• Sensation -> Perception -> Symbolic Representation -> Action Planning -> Action

Standard Cognitive Research

• Most standard cog research follows these basic principles: • Design an experiment that

isolates one cognitive process • Manipulate something

between groups • Measure something and see

if there is a group difference using frequentist statistics

• Use the results to support / refute theories

Standard Cognitive Research

• Assumptions: • Cognition in the lab is roughly equivalent to cognition in

the world (it’s ecologically valid) • The way people do the task is equivalent

• The environment and state of their body (sitting in front of a computer) don’t impact cognition to a meaningful degree

• Cognitive processes can be isolated (e.g., visual search does not require any linguistic abilities) • This is also called modularity, as in two processes are

“modular” and are distinct in the brain

• Differences in mean DV values across conditions (as determined by significant p-values) means the two underlying processes are, in some way, different • And this difference is not due to something like task demands

or subject bias

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Standard Cognitive Research

• As an example, let’s look at some word priming research. • Participants read words off of a

computer screen

• IV – either the first letter is primed or not (using some sort of priming method, whatever kind)

• DV – reaction time (how long it takes to start reading the word)

• Results – participants are faster at reading words when the first letter has been primed

_____ b____

beach beach

Longer RT Shorter RT

Standard Cognitive Research • How do we explain this data?

• Levelt (1999) • The process of speaking a word has multiple “stages”

• One stage is phonetic encoding, a serial process

• When you prime the first letter, it can be phonetically encoded before the rest • This means that the primed letter cues a representation of that

letter to be slotted in to the representational frame of the to be spoken word

• Essentially, how a computer would do this. Symbol manipulation.

• When the rest of the word is presented, you don’t have to phonetically encode the first letter (it’s already there) so…

• Therefore, you see a reduction in RT for primed words!

Standard Cognitive Research • Is this the only explanation?

• From a computationalism point of view, this feels like it tells the whole story. The data is explained in a well- defined theory • This model is also explicitly

computational and can be programmed using algorithmic programming – WEAVER++ model

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Standard Cognitive Research • Thus, aside from providing the

input and producing the output, perception and action do not play a meaningful role in cognition. • Standard cognitive science typically

follows this pattern • “Envatted” brain

• But would it be possible to explain this data WITHOUT the symbolic representation?

• Could we appeal to sensorimotor processes to explain the RT difference instead of appealing to symbolic representation?

• We will come back to this later.

What would cognition entwined with perception

and action look like?

Imagery and Thought • Does thought occur

completely separately from perception?

• Let’s take imagination (a form of thought)

• Imagine the following situation…

• Imagination relies on the visual system and mental imagery. • Eye movements during

imagery • Much more to come here

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Memory in the World

• Suppose our question at hand is “How do people remember lists of items?” like a shopping list.

• Standard cognitive science • Give people lists of…